![]() ![]() (Thomas Bolton) Deoxidized Copperĭeoxidized copper is used for the other major area of application of the coppers in building construction apart from electrical services, the principal uses being for central heating systems, tube for gas and water supply, and sheet for roofing and other architectural applications. They are cast or forged near to final shape and finish machined to close tolerances. The cost of these components for the electrical engineering industry is kept low by making them using a free-machining grade of copper. Applications for such free-machining grades as tellurium-bearing coppers (UNS C14500 and other) and sulfur-bearing copper (C14700) include machined electrical components, gas-welding nozzles and torch tips and soldering iron tips. Lead acts similarly in copper, although free-cutting leaded coppers as such (i.e., other than special materials used for bearings) are not listed under current UNS classifications. Virtual elimination of oxygen also avoids certain welding problems encountered in oxygen-bearing grades, thus improving fabricability.įree-machining copper has an addition of around 0.5% of sulfur or tellurium which raises the machinability rating of copper from a value of 20 to 90 (based on a scale of 100 headed by free-cutting brass, UNS C36000). It contains very low levels of residual volatile impurities and is therefore used for high vacuum electronic applications such as transmitter tubes, waveguide tubes, linear accelerators and glass-to-metal seals. OF coppers exhibit electrical conductivity above 100% IACS.Ĭertified oxygen-free high-conductivity copper (Electronic Grade, UNS C10100) contains a minimum of 99.99% Cu, making it the purest metal in common use. It is used where ease of welding and brazing are especially important. Comparable generic products are generally referred to simply as OF copper.) OF copper is produced by casting electrolytically refined copper in a controlled, i.e., non-oxidizing atmosphere. (The acronym for the term, oxygen-free high conductivity copper, OFHC TM, is a registered trademark of Phelps Dodge Specialty Copper Products. These are the so-called oxygen-free high-conductivity coppers. There are several highly refined grades of copper that contain almost no oxygen or other impurities. ![]() ETP copper contains a minimum of 99.90% copper, with oxygen being the principal secondary element. It has excellent ductility, which means that it can be easily drawn to fine wire sizes, and it is available in all other fabricated forms. High conductivity copper is very readily worked, both hot and cold. ETP copper exhibits a nominal conductivity of 100% to 101.5% IACS (for International Annealed Copper Standard, the value of conductivity established about 100 years ago for the purest copper of the time). The most commonly used grade is known in North America as electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper, UNS C11000, and as 'electro' in other countries. High conductivity (HC) electrolytically refined copper is used for most electrical applications such as wire and cable, busbars and windings. A few comparable alloys of cast copper are also produced but will not be discussed here owing to the far greater commercial importance of the wrought alloys. The following are the popular types of wrought copper, each suitable for a variety of applications. A listing of copper grades classified under the Unified Numbering System (UNS) is accessible by searching Properties of Wrought and Cast Copper Alloys database. Further information on this subject can be found later in this article. These grades differ slightly in purity and in the types of "impurity" elements contained, but all contain at least 99.3% Cu. There are a number of types, or grades, of what is essentially pure copper. ![]() The high electrical conductivity is especially important for the efficient transmission and utilization of electrical energy, and copper is therefore the principal material for building wire and cable, busbars, and motor and transformer windings. Not only is it extremely ductile and capable of being formed into a wide range of products - especially wire -with ease, but it has almost uniquely high values of thermal and electrical conductivity, exceeded only by silver. The reason is simple - among the readily available engineering materials copper is unique. High Conductivity Copper | Deoxidized Copper | Copper Alloys | Copper in Other Metals | Recycling of Copper | Health | Environment | Copper Compounds High Conductivity CopperĪ third to one-half of all copper produced is used in some form for applications in electrical engineering and the supply of domestic electricity. ![]() Introduction to Copper: Types of Copper Copper Applications in Metallurgy of Copper & Copper Alloys ![]()
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